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The national unemployment rate)Tj T* (averaged 9.6% in 2010 with more than)Tj T* -0.023 Tc (14.8 million people out of work.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 180.5614 433.049 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 184.5392 429.8615 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 Tc (Although)Tj -13.23991 -1.58824 TD -0.011 Tc (two years of consistent job creation and)Tj T* (an 8.3% unemployment rate for January)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (2012 indicate national progress since)Tj T* (the lowest point of the recession in April)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD (2009, recovery remains elusive in Ohio)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD [(generally and Cuyahoga County specifi)-2(-)]TJ T* -0.017 Tc (cally. Greater Cleveland led the country in)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (percentage of metropolitan lost jobs in)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (the past year,)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 120.4843 311.549 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 124.5972 308.3615 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (and the encouraging drop)Tj -6.18791 -1.58824 TD -0.011 Tc (in December unemployment figures)Tj T* ((from 8.5 to 8.1) was shown to reflect a)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (shrinking labor force \(i.e., fewer Ohioans)Tj T* (actively seeking work\) rather than job)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (growth and expanded employment.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 199.4261 244.049 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 223.0413 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (Job loss is a natural feature of market)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD (economies as employers adapt to shifts)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (in supply and demand. While downsizing)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (can be crucial for the long-term health of)Tj -0.0115 Tc (a)' 0.73408 0 Td -0.011 Tc [(business, consequences for the affect)-1(-)]TJ -0.73408 -1.58824 TD -0.012 Tc (ed workers are highly detrimental.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 194.2689 158.7288 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 142.0413 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (Studies have shown than job loss has a)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD -0.011 Tc (negative impact on future employment,)Tj T* -0.017 Tc (income, and economic security, as well as)Tj T* -0.022 Tc (the affected worker\325s physical and mental)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (health. Job loss has also been associated)Tj T* (with strained marital relationships and a)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (higher likelihood of divorce.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 168.8641 64.2288 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 172.977 61.0413 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (While these)Tj 7.038 51.33178 TD -0.012 Tc (disruptions to financial security and)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD (relationships can be expected to impact)Tj T* (the wellbeing of displaced workers\325)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD -0.013 Tc (children, very little empirical data is)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (available on the subject.)Tj 0 -2.09648 TD -0.016 Tc (The few studies that have been conduct-)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD -0.012 Tc [(e)6(d)-221(suggest that parental job loss has a)]TJ 0 -1.58824 TD (negative impact on children\325s academic)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (performance, educational attainment,)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD (and long-term economic success. 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Relatedly,)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD -0.011 Tc (the stress that job loss imposes on the)Tj T* (affected parent may spill over to the)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (child, resulting in compromised health,)Tj T* [(concentration, and wellbeing)-1(.)-1( )-1(F)1(i)1(n)1(a)1(l)1(l)1(y)1(,)]TJ 0 -1.58823 TD -0.013 Tc (parental job loss could trigger divorce)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 526.4174 307.2289 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (9)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 530.5303 304.0414 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (or)Tj -16.10944 -1.58824 TD -0.012 Tc (relocation \320 disruptions to the child\325s)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (environment which have been shown to)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD -0.012 Tc (impede a child\325s academic performance. )Tj 0 -2.09647 TD -0.013 Tc (This research and policy brief discusses)Tj 0 -1.58824 TD -0.011 Tc (the work of Dr. Mark Votruba and)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (colleagues to estimate the causal effect)Tj T* (of parental job loss on children\325s school)Tj 0 -1.58823 TD -0.011 Tc (performance in Norway. 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Fh6qQּWܳvB{})HœѰ083;۟b籫Lٳհ2T*۵-..s;4q$LJ(UnN=i$m.=Ecc$~,cijnj#+ xg0|4x6p}A9muxs/_?KmZ1U+cUuB>I8=i ŦԓQyrɔ2u`W1aj)aj#mG53B[lgEfQo!})|m f8AgܾOO58dӁ,CHT 15a@w%ez*lvrjVoǕAO g*hO9y(mCo4SN~?8Qԑɨ!KT9XP៩^,;0+d ÿo0ipxQQ,DaQWjAV#mTC5b?SmF4ISQK[q/6R̫H5_EK{KWw3j)0jgPI {_4Jch۽7\ghs=K{xN&ݽ>]%=u5s D:#7ʪOZa$ue:"c."E=MGeksrccӴdք| *TPm]҈"2v^̪ѯSrGQaG(rŁ ֓o+ .*أ6<}fX,sZN售׵nk&}.ZP(;_ˋ9c%CL\w_0YPmZdՏ2)U۵h6|ִ.NE@_Jrpkg[D1BTPssND]ǽ:VvN @i,I W-5_gS#RKH׮Zx%V4h8^MI,h8,+;NfHLg5J w_-BjW6aک-Ξ 0U|;DfYlqLME:'1ګ$<7jˆd@ǵYe:vQ)PiF:`sQ\2, >?ʿ2Jpwi ^\sJ`'v @kP: 6UHzW5ZPN/TԣMHdR\V_, IRXG;eMfz6UHtt{e.%~rZٍDVSS|~QE)m"-,ʟEU'u*AN }B7Yba0nT{_M @cdPZ B+EOqݙ-54gcjWũYJmet6x\ECƖƊcelKmU*r?\1;#8a.ENs[wQ#^dv *mn3͊0KϨj>}Ts糧$+"i䑕8ݹEJ9Wѿ;ޤ'Yn猰ՑE=J|FԨ2QʶĜr?9rի)o6!R5 :=L.|6b S0j7g?JK[f ~V Y(֗$%y/MV "L@g?X kI(J{3Yy)9 ?Ԡfi!ʩ˴]UKH#"{rb ^]HZ1&W6*͑BF1],[]C\ef&ܡ֫J YE+Fi()(6%:s$g<”u>;|PE4@7,ަ$.{OZWlQ+u 4q׊\"lNM,| pqjD_YYh[6;3S^pH㪚U%me鷽jͤ.cd`ta.Qxکi 죭Gf=aȏՅCnZ;*~GSʚPI?/zirf[@~cjȚG+{\ió2A8ҩލ({5uݛe9]Az8dι#ޫˤYMlvcEDUFɇRrљSmnxaG+kY^9V=*n+3ޫivVxrU k^8*GP qǥi:ғJ칲Hqc#WȌ+ßj+%$Eg:$$$Co;[ f NJ*Ӟmxc}Is9>kQD9AHbt)х99oi-Mtn&bI UAUPZ°*A\i 2++Q[FVby.xS-:8x+$$W- 7?.x 0ǽhs}T8 \E4;W+"n®}“\ƭ\X#XWjͭFG:b4)1 %_Ԟ޺HcXccڜ>cJWJN\FzUXbŠ'+²/SQ4QI YP2u9fo^B [7z\n;Vq\Fc AdqZjϽW6ܭFu -xWQLu HԋBy)Yiwv [ОK?CU-jM㌚/<(#72Wj+;oc pWZ*bO6//4KeQt|!<(B>u;:k1SQ(ax{dTLFԑŽ2~nK` e 0z]_ƐG' PJAkEQv T98ZԬ^k6FN w ]^JH?^6? ̹cpw0/ #$Rxƹ)hQEzANSP[E8r:*nJ2}jJr@myoc=VAԜZoNiK|k$1SU@y 60 {T|-zGJ$Xekí48 O?vy2?,*6:):sHoݏ?<*jJ[M'L 1kRp/NƤվE8%Ԭ"UVԼO}e)xf_9JT/onu?ڐTqcl0c,<rO|hU&S/toG"g/{h &-T*}j.,]Ƭz}?ysM &AUo5u}󫷖D-\BY)^8NWU}+CE{tReqV5_\3Y~WsxsM'-Jr]GDN/S z"ޠaUܩ1ۓU'?CRݐ=.PKDWwLt}EU[,s=;6?bH#Zd'?J #򨬿/EO'‘2EQ))!+W_S~4ȿDՌ|Ȩghle.xeKn9>;7&cw!v=Y񭴡ҷ14)o49վ_~32$j?ϱtBīҝݪ.$ոʬiژ0ۀ)վ2o[}?GoÚm;)v5mqVMW`|X1S5~#'VWiJv!7be8"zі5ʘVwI5dW]ir3c}MCD# ir"e;X{$ҳfc8uo]?V}M4'O龵1l㍿Oj9:jZtE*psW.ՏUY9OrV_cT endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /Length 6247 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f q /GS1 gs 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k 36 59.655 540 36.079 re f Q /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 212.4 560.6249 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (Estimating a causal relationship between)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (parental job loss and child outcomes is)Tj T* (challenged by the scarcity of data and by the)Tj T* (possibility that child outcomes may result)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (from \322unobservable shocks\323 rather than job)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (loss itself. For example, a sudden decline in)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (the parent\325s health can lead to both job loss)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (and poor child outcomes. Through a unique)Tj T* (pairing of two comprehensive databases, )Tj T* (Dr. Votruba and his colleagues were able to)Tj T* (circumvent these challenges and quantify)Tj T* (the effect of parental job loss on children\325s)Tj T* (school performance in Norway. Specifically,)Tj T* (they investigated how children\325s graduation-)Tj T* -0.017 Tc (year grade point averages (GPAs) are affected)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (by parents\325 loss of employment due to plant)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (closure, with \322plant\323 referring to the local)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (workplace. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 212.4 315.515 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -0.011 Tc (Study Design)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 212.4 298.085 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 Tc (This study pooled figures from two databases:)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.028 Tc (one containing annual records for every person)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (in Norway, and the other containing school)Tj T* (grades of all graduating secondary students.)Tj T* (Because both databases contain personal)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (identifiers, researchers could link each child\325s)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (outcomes to their parents\325 records. )Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.013 Tc (The original sample consisted of all high)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.023 Tc (school seniors \(10th graders in the Norwegian)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (system\) graduating between 2003 and 2005.)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (The Norwegian economy was strong during)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (the study period (1999-2005), and several)Tj T* -0.014 Tc (municipalities were \322booming\323 with <3%)Tj 20.75294 49.43764 TD -0.011 Tc [(unemployment. The researchers thus distin)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (guish between booming and non-booming)Tj T* (municipalities, as the relationship between)Tj T* (parental job loss and children\325s academic)Tj T* -0.033 Tc (achievement may be weaker in a setting where)Tj T* -0.022 Tc (new job opportunities are relatively abundant.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 388.8 468.515 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -0.011 Tc (Results)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 388.8 451.085 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (After applying exclusion criteria to ensure)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (comparability across the sample, 10,344)Tj T* (tenth-graders were included in the final)Tj T* (analysis. All were approximately the same)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (age, had parents who were married, and had)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (fathers who were employed full-time for >1)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (year at a stable, non-education-sector plant)Tj T* (during the student\325s 7th grade year. 1,057)Tj T* (had a parent who was affected by plant)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (closure during the 8th or 9th grade year, with)Tj T* -0.023 Tc (no significant differences in parental variables)Tj T* -0.027 Tc (\(e.g., education, income, age, tenure, or number)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (of children\) across stable and closing plants. )Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.016 Tc (Researchers found that )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 474.0756 280.655 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 Tc (fathers\325 plant closure)Tj -10.03243 -1.5 TD (was independently associated with a consid-)Tj T* -0.021 Tc (erable reduction in children\325s graduation-year)Tj T* -0.027 Tc (GPAs (0.12 points) in non-booming municipal-)Tj T* (ities. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 407.2084 229.655 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.027 Tc (For the median student, such a reduction)Tj -2.1657 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (is equivalent to a more than 6% decline in)Tj T* -0.017 Tc (class rank. In contrast, )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 469.5077 204.155 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 Tc (mothers\325 plant closure)Tj -9.49502 -1.5 TD (in non-booming municipalities had a positive)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (effect on children\325s school performance, with)Tj T* (GPAs increasing by 0.09 points.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 503.3487 165.905 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (In booming)Tj -13.47632 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (municipalities, GPAs were unaffected by)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (either parent\325s loss of employment. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 36 751.125 Tm 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.62 k 0.051 Tc 0.023 Tw (RESEARCH AND POLICY BRIEF 28 | MARCH 2012 )Tj ET /GS2 gs q 62.636 37.571 62.727 85.304 re W n q -62.9879 0 0 85.5798 125.4797 37.4142 cm /Im2 Do Q Q /GS1 gs 0.25 w 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 K 62.636 37.571 62.727 85.304 re s Q /GS2 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 8.25 0 0 8.25 144 82.115 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (Mark Votruba, PhD)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.25 0 0 8.25 211.2468 82.115 Tm 0 0 0 0 k -0.0011 Tc (,)Tj 0.40278 0 Td -0.001 Tc (is an Associate Professor of Economics in ǿմý\325s Weatherhead School of Management, an)Tj -8.55391 -1.45455 TD (Adjunct Associate Professor at Norway\325s University of Stavanger, and a Research Associate for Statistics Norway.)Tj ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 144 646.7501 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn -0.019 Tc 0.023 Tw (Dr. Votruba\325s work in Norway investigates how job loss affects the welfare of employees)Tj 0 -1.63636 TD -0.024 Tc (and their children. For instance, he has examined relationships between plant downsizing)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (and disability claims, divorce,)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 5.5 0 0 5.5 277.1484 614.8751 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn (9)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 282.6418 610.7501 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn -0.013 Tc 0.023 Tw (and children\325s school performance respectively. This brief)Tj -12.6038 -1.63636 TD -0.015 Tc (focuses on school performance.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 5.5 0 0 5.5 290.3669 596.8751 Tm /CS0 cs 1 scn (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 36 673.5001 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -0.02 Tc 0.023 Tw (Parental Job Loss and Children\325s School Performance: Results from Norway)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /Length 11140 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 25.2 648.2501 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -0.011 Tc (More than Money: Time Use and )Tj 0 -1.22223 TD -0.0108 Tc (R)Tj 0.60624 0.00001 TD -0.011 Tc (ole Theories)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 25.2 619.8201 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.033 Tc (I)Tj 0.21405 -0.00001 TD (n)Tj 0.7371 0 Td (exploring the negative effect of fathers\325 plant)Tj -0.95115 -1.49999 TD -0.0118 Tc (c)Tj 0.42521 -0.00001 TD -0.012 Tc (losure on children\325s school performance, a)Tj -0.42521 -1.49999 TD -0.0118 Tc (n)Tj 0.55621 -0.00001 TD -0.012 Tc (umber of possible contributing factors were)Tj -0.55621 -1.49999 TD -0.011 Tc (ruled out. For instance, data indicate that)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (although laid-off workers suffered both)Tj T* (income-loss and a lower likelihood of future)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (employment, children\325s decreases in GPA)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (appear largely unrelated to father\325s income)Tj -0.0111 Tc (or)' 1.08573 0 Td -0.011 Tc (employment status during the student\325s)Tj -1.08573 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc [(graduation year \(i.e., GPAs decreased regard)-1(-)]TJ T* -0.011 Tc (less of whether the father ultimately found a)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (new job\). Similarly, while a husband\325s plant)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (closure significantly increased the likelihood)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (of divorce,* the GPA effect was not a conse-)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (quence of parental divorce or residential)Tj 0 -1.49999 TD (relocation. Finally, estimates were not biased)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (by unobservable shocks spilling over from)Tj T* (workers to their plants, nor was plant closure)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (concentrated among children expected to)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (perform at lower levels.)Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.017 Tc (Instead, Dr. Votruba and colleagues posit that)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (the differing effects of fathers\325 vs. mothers\325)Tj T* (job loss might be better interpreted using)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (sociological role theories.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 114.4082 325.0776 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (10)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 120.7277 321.8901 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (These theories)Tj -11.23855 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (posit that men\325s identities have traditionally)Tj T* (been associated with their professions and)Tj T* (with the fulfillment of the breadwinner role.)Tj -0.0122 Tc (A)' 0.81467 0 Td -0.012 Tc (father may thus feel pressured if his ability)Tj -0.81467 -1.5 TD -0.023 Tc (to fulfill this role is threatened. The Norwegian)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (data suggest that parents are unable to fully)Tj T* -0.023 Tc (shield their children from the father\325s distress,)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (as reflected in these children\325s lower GPAs.)Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.017 Tc (In contrast, role theories suggest that societal)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc (norms and historical employment patterns)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (allow women to develop and appreciate a)Tj T* (greater range of roles outside of the labor)Tj T* (force.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 45.1027 154.6476 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (10)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 51.4221 151.4601 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tc (The array of \322socially acceptable\323 roles)Tj -3.08495 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (available to women, including that of the)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (stay-at-home mom, provides women with)Tj T* -0.023 Tc (multiple sources of positive identity and social)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (support when out of work, thereby buffering)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (the psychological impact of job loss. While)Tj 20.75303 65.99001 TD -0.012 Tc (speculative, this position is consistent with)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (empirical studies documenting that mental)Tj T* -0.023 Tc (distress among displaced workers is generally)Tj T* -0.01 Tc (more severe for men than women.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 325.7065 613.5626 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 201.6008 592.9451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.022 Tc (In recent decades, attitudes have shifted from)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.0117 Tc (a)Tj 0.73353 0 Td -0.012 Tc (preoccupation with fathers as providers to)Tj -0.73353 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc (an emphasis on fathers as nurturers and co-)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (caregivers.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 240.0041 557.8826 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 244.117 554.6951 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (Additionally, nearly half of all)Tj -5.00191 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (married mothers with children under age 18)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (in the U.S. were employed full time between)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (2003 and 2006, and mothers are increasingly)Tj T* (the primary breadwinners.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 296.5692 506.8826 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 300.6821 503.6951 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (Despite these)Tj -11.65662 -1.5 TD (trends, however, recent studies suggest that)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (the cultural emphases on traditional gender)Tj T* (roles have been slow to change in both)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (Europe and the U.S.,)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 273.4721 455.8826 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 277.585 452.6951 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0114 Tc (a)Tj 0.73422 0 Td -0.011 Tc (factor which may)Tj -9.67354 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (shed light on the )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 1.80673 8.5 263.55 439.9451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (improvements)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 317.9474 439.9451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (in GPA)Tj -13.68783 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (observed among children whose )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 1.80673 8.5 319.2493 427.1951 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 Tc (mothers)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 201.6008 414.4451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (experienced plant closure.)Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.011 Tc (Dr. Votruba and colleagues note that these)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (contrary results may be interpreted in terms)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (of time-use surveys. Several studies have)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (found that the time husbands devote to)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (housework is altered only slightly following)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (job displacement, a result taken to reflect)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (persistence in the pre-unemployment roles)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (filled by spouses. Moreover, studies suggest)Tj T* -0.01 Tc (that the mother most often assumes the)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (role of providing homework assistance.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 341.4435 285.4526 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 345.5564 282.2651 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.021 Tc (If)Tj -16.93595 -1.50001 TD -0.012 Tc (mothers adapt to job loss by directing even)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc [(greater energy toward the care and educa)-1(-)]TJ T* -0.012 Tc (tion of their children, such a shift could)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (account for the positive effect of mothers\325)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (job loss on children\325s GPA. )Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.013 Tc (Finally, similar reasoning may be applied)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc (regarding why effects were confined to non-)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (booming municipalities. For fathers, the)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (researchers\325 interpretation is that (1) plant)Tj 0 -1.49999 TD -0.012 Tc (closure imposes stress on a father from)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (which he cannot successfully shield the child)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (and (2) that this stress is greater when re-)Tj T* (employment prospects )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 1.80673 8.5 286.2752 111.8351 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (appear )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 312.9962 111.8351 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (bleak, regard)Tj 5.35062 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -18.45596 -1.50001 TD -0.012 Tc (less of whether the father actually remains)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.011 Tc (unemployed. For mothers, it appears that)Tj 20.75303 66.15177 TD -0.012 Tc (those in non-booming municipalities are less)Tj 0 -1.5 TD (likely to actively search for a new job. By)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (extension of the above theory on time use,)Tj T* (the potential positive effect of the mother\325s)Tj T* -0.027 Tc (unemployment may be realized and sustained)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (by virtue of her leaving the job market.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 378.0016 556.5151 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -0.011 Tc (Areas for Future Research)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 378.0016 539.0851 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (An important caveat is that because these)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (results were derived from existing datasets,)Tj T* (one does not know what is actually taking)Tj T* (place emotionally or behaviorally within)Tj T* (these families. The above results open the)Tj T* (door for further research into the lived)Tj T* (experiences of fathers, mothers, and children)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (in the context of high unemployment.)Tj 0 -2.05059 TD -0.029 Tc (Also, it is notable that even the \322non-booming\323)Tj 0 -1.5 TD -0.012 Tc (municipalities in this study had extremely)Tj T* -0.011 Tc (low unemployment rates by U.S. standards.)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (Moreover, Norway has a very strong safety)Tj T* -0.013 Tc [(n)-3(e)-3(t)-3( )-3(s)-3(y)-3(s)-3(t)-3(e)-3(m)-174-174(including universal health care)-173]TJ T* -0.012 Tc (which is likely to ease the finance-related)Tj T* (stress of job loss. It is thus possible that the)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (negative effects seen in \322non-booming\323)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (municipalities in Norway may be more)Tj T* -0.016 Tc (pronounced in the U.S. where unemployment)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (is far higher and the safety net is weaker.)Tj T* (Likewise, the positive effects seen in Norway)Tj T* [(may be muted by the relatively higher finan)-1(-)]TJ T* (cial consequences of job loss in the U.S.)Tj T* [(Again, results suggest rich areas for compar)-2(-)]TJ T* -0.013 Tc (ative social science investigation.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 378.0016 209.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0111 Tc (*)Tj 0.76633 0 Td -0.011 Tc 0.023 Tw (As with GPA outcomes, Dr. Votruba and col)Tj 18.18057 0.00001 TD 0 Tc (-)Tj -18.34691 -1.33334 TD -0.012 Tc (leagues found that a husband\325s job loss)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 1.59418 7.5 382.5016 189.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (increased)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 414.7656 189.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (the probability of divorce whereas a)Tj -4.30187 -1.33333 TD -0.013 Tc (wife\325s job loss )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 1.59418 7.5 428.4658 179.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (decreased)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 462.6049 179.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc 0.023 Tw (the likelihood of divorce)Tj -10.68044 -1.33334 TD -0.012 Tc (when her earnings exceeded his.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.75 0 0 3.75 486.0701 171.8576 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (9)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.5 0 0 7.5 489.8753 169.0451 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Again, these)Tj -14.31649 -1.33334 TD (data suggest psychological rather than economic)Tj 0 -1.33333 TD 0 Tw (factors.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 416.9424 751.125 Tm 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.62 k 0.05 Tc 0.023 Tw (SCHUBERT CENTER FOR CHILD STUDIES)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /Length 64636 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 655.1251 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (Policies and programs which involve direct)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD (financial assistance to families affected by)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.011 Tc [(j)3(o)3(b)3( )3(l)3(o)3(s)3(s)-171-172(for instance, the Supplemental)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc (Nutrition Assistance Program, the National)Tj T* -0.016 Tc (School Lunch Program, and the extension of)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.011 Tc -0.002 Tw [(unemployment )-2(benefits)-172-171(a)2(r)2(e)2( c)2(r)2(u)2(c)2(i)2(a)2(l)2( f)2(o)2(r)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD -0.0107 Tc (e)Tj 0.49628 -0.00001 TD -0.011 Tc 0 Tw (nsuring that parents can meet the most)Tj -0.49628 -1.38823 TD -0.044 Tc (basic needs of their children. Economic policies)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (that support job creation and workplace)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.033 Tc (stability, and prevent job loss in the first place)Tj T* -0.028 Tc (are key to family security. This research could)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.022 Tc (help to better capture the long-term costs of)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.011 Tc (unemployment to inform federal economic)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.012 Tc (policy and spending. As Dr. Votruba\325s work)Tj T* (highlights, however, the negative impact of)Tj 0 -1.38825 TD -0.044 Tc (parental job loss on children cannot be reduced)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.032 Tc (to a matter of finances alone. Results point to)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.049 Tc (an additional need for programs which mitigate)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.012 Tc (the emotional consequences of job loss. )Tj 0 -1.89647 TD (An integrated service approach developed)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD (by Blustein et al.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 95.3449 417.9925 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (11)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 101.6643 414.805 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (addresses some of these)Tj -7.72521 -1.38823 TD (issues. Their model posits that:)Tj 0 -1.89647 TD 0 Tc Tj 0.86739 0 TD -0.018 Tc (Counseling with displaced workers should)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.071 Tc (address the emotional toll of job loss in addition)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.017 Tc (to providing guidance on new training and)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.001 Tc (employment opportunities. Specifically,)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.028 Tc [(unemployment counseling should incorpo)-1(-)]TJ T* -0.033 Tc [(r)4(a)4(t)4(e)-220(the provision of mental health services)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc [(\(either)-236(directly or by referral\), thereby)]TJ T* -0.003 Tc (acknowledging)Tj 6.64282 0 TD -0.001 Tc [(that stress and depres)-1(-)]TJ -6.64282 -1.38824 TD (sion are common consequences of job)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.005 Tc (loss)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 58.115 283.8725 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0004 Tc (1)Tj 0.52958 -0.00001 TD (2)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 64.6145 280.685 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 Tc (for which support is available.)Tj -3.36641 -1.89647 TD -0.018 Tc [-355(Counselors should help displaced workers)]TJ 0.86739 -1.38823 TD -0.049 Tc (to understand their situation within the)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.022 Tc [(c)25(o)25(n)25(t)25(e)25(x)25(t)-198(of today\325s market economy, includ)-1(-)]TJ T* -0.013 Tc [(i)10(n)10(g)10( )10(f)10(a)10(c)10(t)10(o)10(r)10(s)-216(like overseas outsourcing,)]TJ T* (rapidly evolving technology, increased)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD (specialization, and )Tj 7.92981 0.00001 TD -0.023 Tc [(rising education/train)-2(-)]TJ -7.92981 -1.38824 TD -0.022 Tc [(ing costs that together)-225(m)12(a)12(k)12(e)12( )12(i)12(t)12( )12(d)12(i)12(f)12(f)12(i)12(c)12(u)12(l)12(t)12( )12(t)12(o)]TJ 20.07455 54.27766 TD -0.033 Tc [(transfer skill sets from one)-226(j)-22(o)-22(b)-22( )-22(t)-22(o)-22( )-22(a)-22(n)-22(o)-22(t)-22(h)-22(e)-22(r)-22(.)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc [(In this way, counselors can )-1(l)1(e)1(a)1(d)1( )1(w)1(o)1(r)1(k)1(e)1(r)1(s)]TJ 0 -1.38823 TD -0.011 Tc [(to transform self-blame into a perspec)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD [(tive that takes into account the s)64(y)64(s)64(t)64(e)64(m)64(i)64(c)]TJ T* -0.075 Tc (and structural causes of unemployment.)Tj -0.8674 -1.89647 TD -0.017 Tc [(Dr. Votruba\325s work adds two further dimen)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD -0.014 Tc (sions in which:)Tj 0 -1.89647 TD 0 Tc Tj 0.8674 -0.00001 TD -0.013 Tc (Counselors could highlight the shifting)Tj 0 -1.38822 TD -0.01 Tc (employment trends of men and women,)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc (emphasizing the increasing range of)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.013 Tc (positive social roles that )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 1.80673 8.5 302.2041 528.485 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (mothers and)Tj -10.08111 -1.38824 TD -0.013 Tc (fathers alike)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 260.1936 516.685 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc (can fulfill outside of the)Tj -5.43378 -1.38823 TD (workforce in regard to their children.)Tj -0.8674 -1.89647 TD 0 Tc Tj 0.8674 0 TD -0.012 Tc (Counseling might also be extended to the)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD (children of displaced workers in order to)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.011 Tc (help them with issues of shame, concern,)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (or family stress. )Tj -0.8674 -1.89647 TD -0.022 Tc (Such an approach could be incorporated into)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.049 Tc (existing supportive service frameworks in Ohio.)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD (For instance, Ohio\325s Dislocated Worker Program)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.012 Tc (under the Workforce Investment Act (WIA))Tj T* -0.017 Tc (connects recently laid-off workers with new)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc (jobs and assists them in increasing their)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD (work readiness, educational attainment,)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.013 Tc (and occupational skills.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 289.2679 357.8325 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (13)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 295.5874 354.645 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc (Additionally, Ohio\325s)Tj -10.46515 -1.38823 TD -0.011 Tc [(D)-2(e)-2(p)-2(a)-2(r)-2(t)-2(m)-2(e)-2(n)-2(t)-1(s)-221(of Education and Health)]TJ T* -0.027 Tc (collaborate on the Coordinated School Health)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc (Program (CSHP) which helps schools and)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.033 Tc (communities integrate best practice wellness)Tj T* -0.044 Tc [(strategies into current counseling and psycho)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.38824 TD -0.039 Tc (logical services, among other areas.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.25 0 0 4.25 324.8352 287.0324 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.038 Tc (14)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 330.7043 283.8449 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.038 Tc (The work)Tj -14.59655 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc [(of Dr. Votruba and colleagues )-1(i)2(d)2(e)2(n)2(t)2(i)2(f)2(i)2(e)2(s)-226(t)-3(h)-3(e)]TJ 0 -1.38823 TD -0.023 Tc (period of time surrounding a father\325s job loss)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD -0.044 Tc (as a crucial point for intervention. Incorporating)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD -0.012 Tc (these results into the existing support)Tj 0 -1.38824 TD (network offers a means of supporting )Tj 16.14091 0.00001 TD -0.009 Tc (the)Tj -16.14091 -1.38824 TD -0.012 Tc (emotional well-being not only of displaced)Tj 0 -1.38823 TD (workers, but of their children as well.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 36 682.4999 Tm 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k 0.003 Tc 0.023 Tw (Implications for Policy and Practice)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.5 0 0 6.5 249.3647 751.125 Tm 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.62 k 0.051 Tc 0.023 Tw (RESEARCH AND POLICY BRIEF 28 | MARCH 2012 | SCHUBERT CENTER FOR CHILD STUDIES)Tj ET /GS2 gs q 312.667 20.28 172.801 61.512 re W n q 312.667 29.212 166.6515 52.5739 re W n 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k 387.1266 31.3459 0.6311 50.4399 re f 341.8706 37.5107 m 341.8485 37.5549 341.807 37.5797 341.7558 37.5797 c 341.7363 37.5778 l 341.4721 37.5417 341.0613 37.5187 340.6619 37.5187 c 340.1167 37.5187 339.8163 37.5187 339.4655 37.5761 c 339.4311 37.5814 l 339.4089 37.5814 339.3286 37.5708 339.3118 37.4347 c 339.3038 37.3623 339.3144 37.2227 339.4231 37.1979 c 340.1521 37.1202 340.2837 36.9205 340.2837 35.8532 c 340.2837 33.1619 l 336.0822 37.5072 l 336.0495 37.5072 l 335.2737 37.5072 333.6002 37.5257 333.1045 37.5257 c 332.3941 37.5257 332.0866 37.5364 331.5291 37.6008 c 331.4522 37.6008 331.3965 37.5487 331.3895 37.4683 c 331.3824 37.3879 331.4213 37.2633 331.5149 37.2439 c 332.5753 37.1255 332.6601 36.992 332.6601 35.4537 c 332.6601 32.4955 l 332.6601 30.8397 331.8012 29.9639 330.1789 29.9639 c 328.8942 29.9639 327.6006 30.8112 327.6006 32.7022 c 327.6006 35.3434 l 327.6006 37.1149 327.6006 37.1502 328.6759 37.2439 c 328.7669 37.2439 328.8032 37.3755 328.8032 37.448 c 328.8032 37.486 328.7926 37.5204 328.7749 37.547 c 328.7493 37.5814 328.7086 37.6008 328.6609 37.6008 c 328.6414 37.5991 l 328.2465 37.5452 327.598 37.5257 327.1226 37.5257 c 326.3936 37.5257 325.8361 37.5381 325.2979 37.6008 c 325.2502 37.6008 325.2105 37.5797 325.1848 37.5434 c 325.1654 37.5169 325.1557 37.4807 325.1557 37.44 c 325.1557 37.3446 325.214 37.2439 325.3086 37.2439 c 326.3689 37.1219 326.3689 37.1219 326.3689 35.3434 c 326.3689 32.4566 l 326.3689 30.5461 327.8056 29.212 329.8617 29.212 c 332.2112 29.212 333.2627 30.7972 333.2627 32.3702 c 333.2627 35.4537 l 333.2627 36.9293 333.3263 37.144 334.3371 37.2385 c 335.0369 37.2385 335.5317 36.5874 335.5317 36.2364 c 335.5317 33.0646 l 335.5317 32.0096 335.4019 31.8115 334.6685 31.7318 c 334.6544 31.7318 334.6164 31.7269 334.5898 31.6807 c 334.5563 31.626 334.5377 31.4731 334.5792 31.4034 c 334.5987 31.3699 334.6278 31.3523 334.68 31.3523 c 335.0652 31.3998 335.4566 31.3998 335.9992 31.3998 c 336.4135 31.3998 336.7281 31.3858 336.9755 31.3554 c 337.0091 31.3487 l 337.0506 31.3487 337.1204 31.3731 337.1204 31.5323 c 337.1204 31.7318 337.0462 31.7318 337.0321 31.7318 c 336.2625 31.7993 336.1609 32.0589 336.1609 33.0646 c 336.1609 35.8591 l 340.6371 31.3107 l 340.676 31.2708 340.729 31.2514 340.7927 31.2514 c 340.8864 31.2514 340.9818 31.2957 340.9808 31.3839 c 340.934 31.7771 340.9225 32.6244 340.9225 33.0646 c 340.9225 35.8532 l 340.9225 36.8224 340.9888 37.1405 341.7858 37.1962 c 341.8954 37.1962 341.8954 37.3976 341.8954 37.4064 c 341.8954 37.448 341.8883 37.4842 341.8706 37.5107 c f 348.0841 31.2532 m 348.0072 31.2532 347.948 31.2849 347.9189 31.3414 c 345.9688 35.8107 l 345.6047 36.6377 345.352 37.0318 344.828 37.1573 c 344.3341 37.0548 344.2679 36.7985 344.2679 35.8532 c 344.2679 33.0646 l 344.2679 31.9979 344.3323 31.8029 345.1399 31.7318 c 345.2345 31.7318 345.2407 31.5554 345.2407 31.5201 c 345.2407 31.4803 345.2345 31.4482 345.2212 31.4229 c 345.2018 31.3767 345.1611 31.3505 345.1152 31.3505 c 344.821 31.3876 344.1751 31.3998 343.8092 31.3998 c 343.2491 31.3998 342.6694 31.3998 342.2789 31.3523 c 342.2577 31.3487 l 342.2373 31.3487 342.141 31.3573 342.141 31.5007 c 342.141 31.5025 342.1446 31.7318 342.2585 31.7318 c 343.0016 31.8115 343.1236 31.9087 343.1236 33.0646 c 343.1236 35.8532 l 343.1236 37.0212 343.0016 37.1184 342.2488 37.1979 c 342.156 37.1979 342.1498 37.3738 342.1498 37.41 c 342.1498 37.448 342.156 37.4824 342.1684 37.5072 c 342.1888 37.5522 342.2276 37.5797 342.2754 37.5797 c 342.6712 37.5187 343.2526 37.5187 343.8092 37.5187 c 344.1388 37.5187 347.0255 37.5204 347.3816 37.5778 c 347.4037 37.5814 l 347.4267 37.5814 347.5053 37.5708 347.5212 37.4383 c 347.531 37.3658 347.5203 37.2227 347.4232 37.1997 c 347.4019 37.1962 l 346.9743 37.1458 346.8347 37.1166 346.8347 36.9505 c 346.8347 36.7844 346.8868 36.468 347.136 35.8962 c 348.4163 33.0026 l 349.6807 35.8962 l 349.9785 36.5838 350.0085 36.7455 350.0085 36.9505 c 350.0085 37.0742 349.9184 37.1591 349.4695 37.1962 c 349.3662 37.1962 349.3617 37.3879 349.3617 37.4259 c 349.3617 37.4595 349.3653 37.486 349.3724 37.5072 c 349.3892 37.5549 349.4254 37.5814 349.4678 37.5814 c 349.5014 37.5743 l 349.7735 37.5399 350.157 37.5187 350.5387 37.5187 c 353.6454 37.5187 l 354.3408 37.5187 354.9708 37.5434 355.5151 37.592 c 355.6238 37.6008 l 355.5902 37.4966 l 355.531 37.311 355.531 37.0583 355.531 36.8763 c 355.531 36.848 355.531 36.803 355.5292 36.7535 c 355.5274 36.658 355.5239 36.4947 355.531 36.4594 c 355.531 36.3744 355.463 36.3454 355.3013 36.3454 c 355.2571 36.3454 355.1493 36.3454 355.1493 36.4318 c 355.0892 36.7667 354.9938 36.9638 353.8044 36.9638 c 353.0658 36.9638 l 353.0375 36.7667 353.026 36.4486 353.026 35.9043 c 353.026 34.8389 l 353.5694 34.8389 l 354.6165 34.8389 354.6262 34.8742 354.7075 35.2045 c 354.7075 35.2805 354.84 35.2805 354.8825 35.2805 c 355.0088 35.2805 355.0406 35.2407 355.0521 35.2275 c 355.075 35.2008 l 355.0715 35.1479 l 355.0371 35.0172 355.0256 34.6444 355.0256 34.4358 c 355.0256 33.9536 l 355.0362 33.9482 l 355.0265 33.8862 l 355.0159 33.8405 354.9991 33.812 354.7737 33.812 c 354.7304 33.812 354.6439 33.812 354.6439 33.8916 c 354.5714 34.2929 354.5643 34.3368 353.5694 34.3368 c 353.026 34.3368 l 353.026 33.1881 l 353.026 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330.8416 63.3753 330.7069 63.681 330.5695 63.9726 c f 337.2402 51.8921 m 336.7175 51.8921 335.8392 51.9663 334.7913 51.9663 c 333.37 51.9663 331.6687 51.9663 330.6212 51.8921 c 330.5094 51.8921 330.566 52.2473 330.6212 52.2473 c 332.042 52.4152 332.1728 52.6025 332.1728 54.3768 c 332.1728 58.6056 l 332.1728 60.3808 332.042 60.6061 330.6212 60.7545 c 330.566 60.7545 330.5094 61.1486 330.6212 61.1292 c 331.6687 61.0364 333.313 61.0178 334.7352 61.0178 c 335.7451 61.0178 336.7175 61.055 337.5768 61.1292 c 337.4849 60.8305 337.4849 60.4382 337.4849 60.1581 c 337.4849 60.0088 337.4651 59.597 337.4849 59.5025 c 337.4849 59.4654 337.1288 59.4468 337.1288 59.4839 c 337.0166 60.1007 336.7931 60.4011 334.9795 60.4011 c 333.7624 60.4011 l 333.7067 60.083 333.6886 59.5582 333.6886 58.6799 c 333.6886 56.9595 l 334.6234 56.9595 l 336.1935 56.9595 336.3066 56.9975 336.4555 57.5948 c 336.4555 57.6328 336.8112 57.6513 336.7931 57.5577 c 336.7365 57.3527 336.7175 56.773 336.7175 56.455 c 336.7175 56.2862 336.7175 55.7817 336.7175 55.65 c 336.7542 55.6324 336.3627 55.6138 336.3627 55.6324 c 336.2315 56.3613 336.1193 56.417 334.6234 56.417 c 333.6886 56.417 l 333.6886 54.5658 l 333.6886 52.7712 333.7814 52.6025 334.4171 52.6025 c 335.1474 52.6025 l 337.2967 52.6025 337.3533 52.9011 337.5587 53.8183 c 337.5587 53.8369 337.9329 53.8369 337.9329 53.7812 c 337.8777 53.426 337.7271 52.5089 337.6338 52.2287 c 337.5768 51.9487 337.4849 51.8921 337.2402 51.8921 c f 352.4844 59.2595 m 352.4844 59.2029 352.1473 59.2224 352.1473 59.2595 c 352.0152 59.8771 351.7607 60.3066 350.2639 60.3066 c 349.2601 60.3066 l 349.2601 54.3768 l 349.2601 52.7156 349.3719 52.3604 350.6805 52.2473 c 350.7375 52.2473 350.7742 51.8726 350.6253 51.8921 c 350.1945 51.9487 349.2403 51.9663 348.643 51.9663 c 347.8393 51.9663 346.9217 51.9663 346.342 51.8921 c 346.1923 51.855 346.2674 52.2473 346.3235 52.2473 c 347.5579 52.3781 347.7452 52.6211 347.7452 54.3768 c 347.7452 60.3066 l 346.665 60.3066 l 345.2261 60.3066 344.8947 59.8957 344.7079 59.2418 c 344.6337 59.2224 344.3518 59.2224 344.3712 59.2772 c 344.4269 59.5776 344.4768 60.288 344.4649 60.6803 c 344.4618 60.7652 344.4269 60.9207 344.3893 61.0876 c 344.3774 61.1451 344.6805 61.1433 344.7255 61.1053 c 345.0162 60.8703 345.485 60.9631 346.665 60.9613 c 350.2639 60.9613 l 351.398 60.9631 352.0898 60.8703 352.24 61.1053 c 352.2732 61.1566 352.6151 61.1433 352.578 61.0691 c 352.5029 60.7687 352.4649 60.6061 352.4649 60.1378 c 352.4649 59.9142 352.4649 59.4468 352.4844 59.2595 c f 359.5528 51.8921 m 359.0298 51.8921 358.1508 51.9663 357.102 51.9663 c 355.6817 51.9663 353.9803 51.9663 352.9337 51.8921 c 352.821 51.8921 352.8767 52.2473 352.9337 52.2473 c 354.3541 52.4152 354.4857 52.6025 354.4857 54.3768 c 354.4857 58.6056 l 354.4857 60.3808 354.3541 60.6061 352.9337 60.7545 c 352.8767 60.7545 352.821 61.1486 352.9337 61.1292 c 353.9803 61.0364 355.626 61.0178 357.0459 61.0178 c 358.0567 61.0178 359.0298 61.055 359.8903 61.1292 c 359.7967 60.8305 359.7967 60.4382 359.7967 60.1581 c 359.7967 60.0088 359.7767 59.597 359.7967 59.5025 c 359.7967 59.4654 359.4402 59.4468 359.4402 59.4839 c 359.3284 60.1007 359.104 60.4011 357.2902 60.4011 c 356.0753 60.4011 l 356.0183 60.083 355.9993 59.5582 355.9993 58.6799 c 355.9993 56.9595 l 356.9346 56.9595 l 358.5055 56.9595 358.6177 56.9975 358.767 57.5948 c 358.767 57.6328 359.1221 57.6513 359.104 57.5577 c 359.0479 57.3527 359.0298 56.773 359.0298 56.455 c 359.0298 56.2862 359.0298 55.7817 359.0298 55.65 c 359.0665 55.6324 358.6733 55.6138 358.6733 55.6324 c 358.5426 56.3613 358.4304 56.417 356.9346 56.417 c 355.9993 56.417 l 355.9993 54.5658 l 355.9993 52.7712 356.093 52.6025 356.7292 52.6025 c 357.4586 52.6025 l 359.6098 52.6025 359.6659 52.9011 359.8704 53.8183 c 359.8704 53.8369 360.2445 53.8369 360.2445 53.7812 c 360.188 53.426 360.0382 52.5089 359.946 52.2287 c 359.8903 51.9487 359.7967 51.8921 359.5528 51.8921 c f 338.7198 40.5759 m 338.6455 40.6315 338.6601 40.9894 338.6919 41.9817 c 338.6888 42.0754 339.0109 42.0418 339.0273 42.0082 c 339.625 40.7756 339.9859 40.3806 341.3723 40.4443 c 342.187 40.4814 343.0224 41.0875 342.9995 41.9835 c 342.9407 44.3197 338.8279 44.2172 338.7643 46.7779 c 338.7321 48.0679 339.8569 49.4233 341.5764 49.4675 c 342.3999 49.4887 342.9287 49.259 343.4222 48.9904 c 343.5353 48.9179 343.7054 48.1563 343.7292 47.2028 c 343.731 47.1454 343.3564 47.1375 343.3556 47.1932 c 343.1616 48.2164 342.4702 48.9108 341.4602 48.8861 c 340.5815 48.8632 339.9382 48.4169 339.9608 47.5572 c 340.016 45.3138 344.0527 45.4701 344.1203 42.7787 c 344.1596 41.2465 343.0326 39.8885 341.257 39.8434 c 340.2294 39.816 339.4659 39.9768 338.7198 40.5759 c f 323.6898 51.7366 m 323.5966 51.3637 323.5591 50.5031 323.5591 49.1176 c 323.5591 46.0144 l 323.8021 45.9967 323.9518 46.0144 324.2513 46.0144 c 327.074 46.0144 328.0468 47.0429 328.0468 48.5768 c 328.0468 51.1198 326.3826 51.794 324.5129 51.794 c 324.2324 51.794 324.0075 51.7737 323.6898 51.7366 c h 325.4296 45.585 m 325.1111 45.509 324.6812 45.4913 324.2695 45.4913 c 323.9138 45.4913 323.8021 45.509 323.5591 45.5293 c 323.5591 43.3212 l 323.5591 40.6475 323.5405 40.5184 325.2794 40.3665 c 325.3744 40.3665 325.4106 39.9751 325.2599 40.0113 c 324.6631 40.0873 323.7278 40.1244 322.9418 40.1244 c 321.8383 40.1244 320.9785 40.1244 320.1939 40.0113 c 320.0061 39.9936 320.0821 40.3479 320.174 40.3665 c 321.821 40.5538 321.9323 40.5184 321.9323 43.3212 c 321.9323 48.9515 l 321.9323 51.0633 321.8762 51.7189 320.8106 51.7189 c 320.6237 51.7189 320.3613 51.7012 320.0993 51.6429 c 320.0437 51.6252 319.8939 51.9248 320.0821 51.9805 c 320.8477 52.2234 322.7169 52.2985 324.7559 52.2985 c 327.4871 52.2985 329.731 51.475 329.731 49.3809 c 329.731 48.3347 328.8884 46.7443 326.9441 45.9587 c 328.7577 43.4167 328.8571 37.9278 333.408 37.6291 c 334.0787 37.585 334.1705 37.6326 334.8514 37.8164 c 334.9662 37.8465 335.1226 37.554 334.9821 37.4984 c 333.9762 37.1025 333.3298 37.0265 332.3606 37.1051 c 327.4142 37.5063 326.9817 43.2293 325.4296 45.585 c f 337.1487 40.0493 m 336.6247 40.0493 335.7469 40.1244 334.6989 40.1244 c 333.2782 40.1244 331.8052 40.1244 330.7585 40.0493 c 330.6464 40.0493 330.7029 40.4053 330.7585 40.4053 c 332.1803 40.5741 332.0809 40.7606 332.0809 42.5366 c 332.0809 46.7619 l 332.0809 48.5389 331.9505 48.7642 330.5275 48.9126 c 330.4732 48.9126 330.4153 49.3049 330.5275 49.289 c 331.5764 49.1945 333.2216 49.1742 334.6429 49.1742 c 335.6537 49.1742 336.6247 49.213 337.4849 49.289 c 337.393 48.9886 337.393 48.5954 337.393 48.3153 c 337.393 48.1669 337.3736 47.7551 337.393 47.6606 c 337.393 47.6234 337.0365 47.6049 337.0365 47.642 c 336.9247 48.2596 336.6994 48.5574 334.8871 48.5574 c 333.6705 48.5574 l 333.6139 48.2411 333.5962 47.7171 333.5962 46.8379 c 333.5962 45.1176 l 334.5306 45.1176 l 336.1017 45.1176 336.2143 45.1538 336.3632 45.7529 c 336.3632 45.7909 336.7188 45.8085 336.6994 45.7158 c 336.6442 45.509 336.6247 44.9312 336.6247 44.613 c 336.6247 44.4434 336.6247 43.9397 336.6247 43.8072 c 336.6628 43.7895 336.2704 43.7701 336.2704 43.7895 c 336.1392 44.5185 336.0266 44.5742 334.5306 44.5742 c 333.5962 44.5742 l 333.5962 42.7239 l 333.5962 40.9285 333.6886 40.7606 334.3252 40.7606 c 335.0546 40.7606 l 337.2044 40.7606 337.261 41.0592 337.4672 41.9746 c 337.4672 41.9941 337.8401 41.9941 337.8401 41.9375 c 337.7849 41.5823 337.6347 40.666 337.5406 40.3859 c 337.4849 40.105 337.393 40.0493 337.1487 40.0493 c f 351.1095 40.0493 m 350.5851 40.0493 349.7081 40.1244 348.6593 40.1244 c 347.2385 40.1244 345.5371 40.1244 344.4896 40.0493 c 344.377 40.0493 344.4331 40.4053 344.4896 40.4053 c 345.9109 40.5741 346.0407 40.7606 346.0407 42.5366 c 346.0407 46.7619 l 346.0407 48.5389 345.9109 48.7642 344.4896 48.9126 c 344.4331 48.9126 344.377 49.3049 344.4896 49.289 c 345.5371 49.1945 347.1815 49.1742 348.6028 49.1742 c 349.6127 49.1742 350.5851 49.213 351.4453 49.289 c 351.3516 48.9886 351.3516 48.5954 351.3516 48.3153 c 351.3516 48.1669 351.3335 47.7551 351.3516 47.6606 c 351.3516 47.6234 350.9964 47.6049 350.9964 47.642 c 350.8842 48.2596 350.6598 48.5574 348.8457 48.5574 c 347.6317 48.5574 l 347.5747 48.2411 347.557 47.7171 347.557 46.8379 c 347.557 45.1176 l 348.491 45.1176 l 350.0616 45.1176 350.1729 45.1538 350.324 45.7529 c 350.324 45.7909 350.6792 45.8085 350.6598 45.7158 c 350.6036 45.509 350.5851 44.9312 350.5851 44.613 c 350.5851 44.4434 350.5851 43.9397 350.5851 43.8072 c 350.6231 43.7895 350.2295 43.7701 350.2295 43.7895 c 350.0986 44.5185 349.9873 44.5742 348.491 44.5742 c 347.557 44.5742 l 347.557 42.7239 l 347.557 40.9285 347.6489 40.7606 348.2851 40.7606 c 349.0145 40.7606 l 351.1656 40.7606 351.2213 41.0592 351.4267 41.9746 c 351.4267 41.9941 351.8013 41.9941 351.8013 41.9375 c 351.7443 41.5823 351.5951 40.666 351.5018 40.3859 c 351.4453 40.105 351.3516 40.0493 351.1095 40.0493 c f 355.0865 48.7085 m 355.0119 48.4461 354.9752 47.9036 354.9752 46.8936 c 354.9752 44.6502 l 355.1426 44.6502 355.2544 44.6307 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39.8257 362.2166 39.8257 c 359.1502 39.8257 357.1811 41.9941 356.5635 44.2004 c 356.2277 44.1448 355.7969 44.0882 355.5168 44.0882 c f 375.2357 41.9746 m 375.029 41.0592 374.9742 40.7606 372.8235 40.7606 c 372.0934 40.7606 l 371.4573 40.7606 371.3636 40.9285 371.3636 42.7239 c 371.3636 44.5742 l 372.2987 44.5742 l 373.7953 44.5742 373.9066 44.5185 374.0373 43.7895 c 374.0373 43.7701 374.4314 43.7895 374.3933 43.8072 c 374.3933 43.9397 374.3933 44.4434 374.3933 44.613 c 374.3933 44.9312 374.4119 45.509 374.4675 45.7158 c 374.4861 45.8085 374.131 45.7909 374.131 45.7529 c 373.9817 45.1538 373.8694 45.1176 372.2987 45.1176 c 371.3636 45.1176 l 371.3636 46.8379 l 371.3636 47.7171 371.3831 48.2411 371.4387 48.5574 c 372.6539 48.5574 l 374.4675 48.5574 374.6924 48.2596 374.8055 47.642 c 374.8055 47.6049 375.1597 47.6234 375.1597 47.6606 c 375.1421 47.7551 375.1597 48.1669 375.1597 48.3153 c 375.1597 48.5954 375.1597 48.9886 375.2542 49.289 c 374.3933 49.213 373.4207 49.1742 372.4118 49.1742 c 370.99 49.1742 369.3315 49.2024 368.3081 49.1865 c 368.2959 49.1865 368.2859 49.1812 368.2773 49.175 c 368.2144 49.175 368.1475 49.1742 368.0715 49.1742 c 367.4739 49.1742 366.8953 49.213 366.4651 49.2696 c 366.3519 49.3049 366.4085 48.9126 366.4651 48.9126 c 367.0817 48.8578 367.3802 48.7447 367.3802 48.4284 c 367.3802 48.0909 367.3237 47.8293 366.8767 46.7814 c 364.8559 42.162 l 362.8182 46.7814 l 362.4251 47.6774 362.3509 48.1669 362.3509 48.4284 c 362.3509 48.8013 362.7061 48.8384 363.3231 48.9126 c 363.4167 48.932 363.4167 49.3049 363.3055 49.2696 c 362.7431 49.1742 361.713 49.1742 360.8924 49.1742 c 360.3115 49.1742 359.4709 49.213 359.0226 49.2696 c 358.91 49.3049 358.9661 48.9126 359.0226 48.9126 c 360.1428 48.8189 360.5743 48.2773 361.2484 46.7443 c 364.2012 39.9751 l 364.2578 39.8628 364.4822 39.9 364.5007 39.9556 c 367.5304 46.7443 l 368.0891 48.0043 368.5167 48.5504 369.0822 48.7801 c 369.768 48.5786 369.849 48.1315 369.849 46.7619 c 369.849 42.5366 l 369.849 40.7606 369.7183 40.5741 368.2977 40.4053 c 368.2403 40.4053 368.1846 40.0493 368.2977 40.0493 c 369.3445 40.1244 371.0456 40.1244 372.4675 40.1244 c 373.5143 40.1244 374.3933 40.0493 374.9177 40.0493 c 375.1597 40.0493 375.2542 40.105 375.3081 40.3859 c 375.4036 40.666 375.5537 41.5823 375.6085 41.9375 c 375.6085 41.9941 375.2357 41.9941 375.2357 41.9746 c f 398.0358 63.8979 m 397.7643 64.3684 397.4381 64.6401 396.8595 64.6401 c 396.2533 64.6401 395.7285 64.2054 395.7285 63.5812 c 395.7285 62.9931 396.3347 62.7214 396.7957 62.5133 c 397.2481 62.3141 l 398.1353 61.9248 398.8867 61.4817 398.8867 60.3958 c 398.8867 59.2012 397.9268 58.2871 396.7419 58.2871 c 395.6462 58.2871 394.8328 58.9927 394.6152 60.0516 c 395.3576 60.2597 l 395.4562 59.563 395.9909 58.9927 396.7234 58.9927 c 397.4567 58.9927 398.1267 59.5542 398.1267 60.3233 c 398.1267 61.1195 397.502 61.3911 396.8686 61.6805 c 396.4524 61.8617 l 395.6561 62.2235 394.9676 62.6309 394.9676 63.6085 c 394.9676 64.6671 395.8638 65.3461 396.8772 65.3461 c 397.6381 65.3461 398.2805 64.9569 398.6424 64.2871 c f 405.428 63.7349 m 404.8842 64.296 404.1332 64.6401 403.346 64.6401 c 401.8255 64.6401 400.5945 63.3187 400.5945 61.8166 c 400.5945 60.3141 401.835 58.9927 403.3646 58.9927 c 404.1332 58.9927 404.8842 59.3549 405.428 59.8979 c 405.428 58.9569 l 404.8394 58.5314 404.1156 58.2871 403.3913 58.2871 c 401.4641 58.2871 399.8345 59.8529 399.8345 61.7892 c 399.8345 63.7442 401.4365 65.3461 403.3913 65.3461 c 404.1518 65.3461 404.8218 65.1288 405.428 64.6764 c f 411.1984 62.459 m 411.1984 65.2282 l 411.9584 65.2282 l 411.9584 58.4046 l 411.1984 58.4046 l 411.1984 61.753 l 407.7049 61.753 l 407.7049 58.4046 l 406.9449 58.4046 l 406.9449 65.2282 l 407.7049 65.2282 l 407.7049 62.459 l f 414.4394 61.1649 m 414.4394 60.6582 414.4208 60.079 414.7383 59.6443 c 415.037 59.2281 415.6156 58.9927 416.1132 58.9927 c 416.6027 58.9927 417.1361 59.2193 417.4528 59.5992 c 417.8147 60.0335 417.7875 60.6308 417.7875 61.1649 c 417.7875 65.2282 l 418.548 65.2282 l 418.548 60.9569 l 418.548 60.2147 418.4933 59.6262 417.9509 59.0651 c 417.4799 58.5583 416.8013 58.2871 416.1132 58.2871 c 415.4708 58.2871 414.8108 58.5314 414.3484 58.9838 c 413.7512 59.5542 413.6789 60.1784 413.6789 60.9569 c 413.6789 65.2282 l 414.4394 65.2282 l f 421.0064 59.1106 m 421.7664 59.1106 l 422.6174 59.1106 423.5131 59.3187 423.5131 60.3596 c 423.5131 61.4181 422.4998 61.5723 421.6664 61.5723 c 421.0064 61.5723 l 421.0064 59.1106 l h 421.0064 62.2235 m 421.2955 62.2235 l 422.155 62.2235 422.8884 62.3234 422.8884 63.3819 c 422.8884 64.4139 422.2374 64.5222 421.305 64.5222 c 421.0064 64.5222 l 421.0064 62.2235 l h 420.2454 65.2282 m 421.3678 65.2282 l 422.6075 65.2282 423.6484 64.7758 423.6484 63.3819 c 423.6484 62.8301 423.4408 62.3596 422.9784 62.0516 c 423.7932 61.8529 424.2731 61.1195 424.2731 60.3052 c 424.2731 58.9476 423.1783 58.4046 421.8297 58.4046 c 420.2454 58.4046 l f 425.6656 65.2282 m 429.2043 65.2282 l 429.2043 64.5222 l 426.4257 64.5222 l 426.4257 62.4952 l 429.1229 62.4952 l 429.1229 61.7892 l 426.4257 61.7892 l 426.4257 59.1106 l 429.2043 59.1106 l 429.2043 58.4046 l 425.6656 58.4046 l f 431.3835 62.0697 m 431.6183 62.0697 l 432.4779 62.0697 433.3465 62.2328 433.3465 63.2918 c 433.3465 64.4139 432.5231 64.5222 431.6097 64.5222 c 431.3835 64.5222 l 431.3835 62.0697 l h 431.3835 58.4046 m 430.6235 58.4046 l 430.6235 65.2282 l 431.6097 65.2282 l 432.9041 65.2282 434.1074 64.8844 434.1074 63.3457 c 434.1074 62.2959 433.4465 61.5542 432.3969 61.4636 c 434.5689 58.4046 l 433.6365 58.4046 l 431.5731 61.4 l 431.3835 61.4 l f 437.428 58.4046 m 436.668 58.4046 l 436.668 64.5222 l 435.0213 64.5222 l 435.0213 65.2282 l 439.0938 65.2282 l 439.0938 64.5222 l 437.428 64.5222 l f 448.549 63.7349 m 448.0065 64.296 447.2556 64.6401 446.4679 64.6401 c 444.9474 64.6401 443.7164 63.3187 443.7164 61.8166 c 443.7164 60.3141 444.9565 58.9927 446.4856 58.9927 c 447.2556 58.9927 448.0065 59.3549 448.549 59.8979 c 448.549 58.9569 l 447.9612 58.5314 447.237 58.2871 446.5132 58.2871 c 444.585 58.2871 442.9568 59.8529 442.9568 61.7892 c 442.9568 63.7442 444.5579 65.3461 446.5132 65.3461 c 447.2732 65.3461 447.9427 65.1288 448.549 64.6764 c f 450.0482 65.2282 m 453.5864 65.2282 l 453.5864 64.5222 l 450.8082 64.5222 l 450.8082 62.4952 l 453.505 62.4952 l 453.505 61.7892 l 450.8082 61.7892 l 450.8082 59.1106 l 453.5864 59.1106 l 453.5864 58.4046 l 450.0482 58.4046 l f 455.0282 65.518 m 460.3493 59.943 l 460.3493 65.2282 l 461.1103 65.2282 l 461.1103 58.0971 l 455.7883 63.6625 l 455.7883 58.4046 l 455.0282 58.4046 l f 464.5915 58.4046 m 463.8315 58.4046 l 463.8315 64.5222 l 462.1847 64.5222 l 462.1847 65.2282 l 466.2568 65.2282 l 466.2568 64.5222 l 464.5915 64.5222 l f 467.2996 65.2282 m 470.8382 65.2282 l 470.8382 64.5222 l 468.0605 64.5222 l 468.0605 62.4952 l 470.7573 62.4952 l 470.7573 61.7892 l 468.0605 61.7892 l 468.0605 59.1106 l 470.8382 59.1106 l 470.8382 58.4046 l 467.2996 58.4046 l f 473.0175 62.0697 m 473.2523 62.0697 l 474.1122 62.0697 474.9809 62.2328 474.9809 63.2918 c 474.9809 64.4139 474.157 64.5222 473.2436 64.5222 c 473.0175 64.5222 l 473.0175 62.0697 l h 473.0175 58.4046 m 472.2565 58.4046 l 472.2565 65.2282 l 473.2436 65.2282 l 474.537 65.2282 475.7404 64.8844 475.7404 63.3457 c 475.7404 62.2959 475.0804 61.5542 474.0309 61.4636 c 476.2028 58.4046 l 475.2704 58.4046 l 473.2075 61.4 l 473.0175 61.4 l f 395.7014 52.7598 m 395.7014 50.7328 l 397.9729 50.7328 l 397.9729 50.0268 l 395.7014 50.0268 l 395.7014 46.6422 l 394.9413 46.6422 l 394.9413 53.4658 l 398.0453 53.4658 l 398.0453 52.7598 l f 399.8558 50.0542 m 399.8558 48.5154 401.1044 47.2303 402.6525 47.2303 c 404.1997 47.2303 405.4488 48.5154 405.4488 50.0542 c 405.4488 51.6014 404.2183 52.8778 402.6525 52.8778 c 401.0867 52.8778 399.8558 51.6014 399.8558 50.0542 c h 406.2088 50.045 m 406.2088 48.0811 404.5983 46.5247 402.6525 46.5247 c 400.7067 46.5247 399.0958 48.0811 399.0958 50.045 c 399.0958 52 400.7067 53.5837 402.6525 53.5837 c 404.5983 53.5837 406.2088 52 406.2088 50.045 c f 408.3473 50.3073 m 408.5821 50.3073 l 409.4421 50.3073 410.3112 50.4704 410.3112 51.5294 c 410.3112 52.6515 409.4878 52.7598 408.5735 52.7598 c 408.3473 52.7598 l 408.3473 50.3073 l h 408.3473 46.6422 m 407.5873 46.6422 l 407.5873 53.4658 l 408.5735 53.4658 l 409.8678 53.4658 411.0712 53.122 411.0712 51.5833 c 411.0712 50.5335 410.4103 49.7918 409.3607 49.7012 c 411.5327 46.6422 l 410.6003 46.6422 l 408.5373 49.6376 l 408.3473 49.6376 l f 421.1688 51.9725 m 420.6263 52.5336 419.8754 52.8778 419.0882 52.8778 c 417.5672 52.8778 416.3367 51.5563 416.3367 50.0542 c 416.3367 48.5517 417.5763 47.2303 419.1058 47.2303 c 419.8754 47.2303 420.6263 47.5925 421.1688 48.1355 c 421.1688 47.1945 l 420.5816 46.769 419.8568 46.5247 419.133 46.5247 c 417.2053 46.5247 415.5767 48.0905 415.5767 50.0268 c 415.5767 51.9818 417.1777 53.5837 419.133 53.5837 c 419.893 53.5837 420.563 53.3664 421.1688 52.914 c f 426.9396 50.6966 m 426.9396 53.4658 l 427.6996 53.4658 l 427.6996 46.6422 l 426.9396 46.6422 l 426.9396 49.9906 l 423.4471 49.9906 l 423.4471 46.6422 l 422.6861 46.6422 l 422.6861 53.4658 l 423.4471 53.4658 l 423.4471 50.6966 l f 429.4545 46.6422 0.76 6.8236 re f 432.6937 47.3482 m 434.5757 47.3482 l 434.5757 46.6422 l 431.9327 46.6422 l 431.9327 53.4658 l 432.6937 53.4658 l f 436.9137 47.3482 m 437.7461 47.3482 438.4432 47.4657 439.068 48.0542 c 439.629 48.579 439.9181 49.2939 439.9181 50.0542 c 439.9181 50.8322 439.6194 51.5833 439.0318 52.0993 c 438.407 52.6515 437.7185 52.7598 436.9137 52.7598 c 436.3613 52.7598 l 436.3613 47.3482 l 436.9137 47.3482 l h 435.6017 53.4658 m 436.8865 53.4658 l 437.9094 53.4658 438.7418 53.3301 439.5467 52.6423 c 440.3252 51.9725 440.6785 51.0584 440.6785 50.045 c 440.6785 49.0496 440.3167 48.1717 439.5652 47.502 c 438.7509 46.7779 437.9361 46.6422 436.8689 46.6422 c 435.6017 46.6422 l f 448.306 52.1355 m 448.0337 52.606 447.7084 52.8778 447.1289 52.8778 c 446.5226 52.8778 445.9979 52.443 445.9979 51.8188 c 445.9979 51.2307 446.6041 50.959 447.0655 50.7509 c 447.5188 50.5517 l 448.4051 50.1624 449.1561 49.7193 449.1561 48.6334 c 449.1561 47.4388 448.1974 46.5247 447.0112 46.5247 c 445.9169 46.5247 445.1021 47.2303 444.8845 48.2892 c 445.6269 48.4973 l 445.7269 47.8006 446.2603 47.2303 446.9927 47.2303 c 447.7265 47.2303 448.396 47.7918 448.396 48.5609 c 448.396 49.3571 447.7713 49.6287 447.1379 49.9181 c 446.7217 50.0993 l 445.9255 50.4611 445.2383 50.8685 445.2383 51.8461 c 445.2383 52.9047 446.1331 53.5837 447.1474 53.5837 c 447.9075 53.5837 448.5498 53.1945 448.9122 52.5247 c f 452.312 46.6422 m 451.5524 46.6422 l 451.5524 52.7598 l 449.9052 52.7598 l 449.9052 53.4658 l 453.9778 53.4658 l 453.9778 52.7598 l 452.312 52.7598 l f 455.7724 49.4025 m 455.7724 48.8958 455.7539 48.3167 456.071 47.8819 c 456.3696 47.4657 456.9482 47.2303 457.4467 47.2303 c 457.9353 47.2303 458.4691 47.4569 458.7863 47.8368 c 459.1478 48.2711 459.1211 48.8684 459.1211 49.4025 c 459.1211 53.4658 l 459.8811 53.4658 l 459.8811 49.1945 l 459.8811 48.4523 459.8273 47.8638 459.2835 47.3027 c 458.8126 46.796 458.1339 46.5247 457.4467 46.5247 c 456.8043 46.5247 456.1434 46.769 455.6815 47.2214 c 455.0838 47.7918 455.0124 48.416 455.0124 49.1945 c 455.0124 53.4658 l 455.7724 53.4658 l f 462.8914 47.3482 m 463.7238 47.3482 464.4209 47.4657 465.0448 48.0542 c 465.6058 48.579 465.8958 49.2939 465.8958 50.0542 c 465.8958 50.8322 465.5972 51.5833 465.0086 52.0993 c 464.3848 52.6515 463.6962 52.7598 462.8914 52.7598 c 462.339 52.7598 l 462.339 47.3482 l 462.8914 47.3482 l h 461.5794 53.4658 m 462.8638 53.4658 l 463.8862 53.4658 464.7195 53.3301 465.5244 52.6423 c 466.3029 51.9725 466.6562 51.0584 466.6562 50.045 c 466.6562 49.0496 466.2943 48.1717 465.5429 47.502 c 464.7286 46.7779 463.9138 46.6422 462.8461 46.6422 c 461.5794 46.6422 l f 468.0664 46.6422 0.76 6.8236 re f 470.546 53.4658 m 474.0837 53.4658 l 474.0837 52.7598 l 471.306 52.7598 l 471.306 50.7328 l 474.0028 50.7328 l 474.0028 50.0268 l 471.306 50.0268 l 471.306 47.3482 l 474.0837 47.3482 l 474.0837 46.6422 l 470.546 46.6422 l f 478.4675 52.1355 m 478.1961 52.606 477.8708 52.8778 477.2913 52.8778 c 476.6851 52.8778 476.1602 52.443 476.1602 51.8188 c 476.1602 51.2307 476.7665 50.959 477.2275 50.7509 c 477.6799 50.5517 l 478.567 50.1624 479.3185 49.7193 479.3185 48.6334 c 479.3185 47.4388 478.3594 46.5247 477.1736 46.5247 c 476.0788 46.5247 475.2645 47.2303 475.0469 48.2892 c 475.7893 48.4973 l 475.8884 47.8006 476.4227 47.2303 477.1551 47.2303 c 477.8884 47.2303 478.5584 47.7918 478.5584 48.5609 c 478.5584 49.3571 477.9337 49.6287 477.3003 49.9181 c 476.8841 50.0993 l 476.0879 50.4611 475.3994 50.8685 475.3994 51.8461 c 475.3994 52.9047 476.2955 53.5837 477.3089 53.5837 c 478.0699 53.5837 478.7122 53.1945 479.0746 52.5247 c f Q Q /GS1 gs 1 0.47 0.12 0.62 k -18 123 611.997 49.5 re f Q /GS2 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 37 159.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k -0.003 Tc (The )Tj ET Q q BT /F8 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 49.286 159.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.053 Tc 0.028 Tw (SCHUBERT CENTER FOR CHILD STUDIES)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 164.5424 159.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.002 Tc 0.028 Tw (in the College of Arts and Sciences at ǿմý bridges research, practice, policy and education for the well-)Tj -18.89517 -1.18519 TD 0.003 Tc 0.023 Tw (being of children and adolescents. Our focus is on children from infancy through adolescence in local, national, international and global settings.)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 37 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.002 Tc 0.023 Tw (Jill E. Korbin, Ph.D. )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 91.552 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.001 Tc (DIRECTOR)Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 116.8693 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (|)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 123.8284 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.003 Tc 0.023 Tw (Gabriella Celeste, J.D. )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 186.0188 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.001 Tc [(CHILD)-343(P)1(O)1(L)1(I)1(C)1(Y)-344(DIRECTOR)]TJ ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 243.3577 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (|)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 250.3169 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.001 Tc 0.023 Tw (Sarah Robinson )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 297.5688 139.8325 Tm 0 0 0 0 k -0.001 Tc [(ASSISTANT)-345(D)-2(I)-2(R)-2(E)-2(C)-2(T)-2(O)-2(R)]TJ ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 37 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.023 Tw (Donald Freedheim, Ph.D. )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 109.7028 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k [(FOUNDING)-345(D)-1(I)-1(R)-1(E)-1(C)-1(T)-1(O)-1(R)]TJ ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 160.3094 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (|)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 167.2685 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.004 Tc 0.023 Tw (Aura Newlin )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 204.3864 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k -0.001 Tc [(G)-4(R)-3(A)-3(D)-3(U)-3(A)-3(T)-3(E)-345(A)-1(SSISTANT)]TJ ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 257.0301 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k (|)Tj ET Q q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.65 0 0 6.65 263.9893 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.003 Tc 0.023 Tw (Michelle McTygue )Tj ET Q q BT /F2 1 Tf 4.987 0 0 4.987 317.0015 131.8326 Tm 0 0 0 0 k 0.001 Tc [(G)-2(R)-1(A)1(P)1(H)1(I)1(C)-344(DESIGNER)]TJ ET Q /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 37 107.9375 Tm 0.245 0.154 0.161 0.434 k 0.003 Tc 0.023 Tw [(6)3(1)3(4)3(A)-257(Crawford Hall)]TJ 0 -1.18519 TD 0.002 Tc (10900 Euclid Avenue)Tj 0 -1.18518 TD 0.001 Tc (Cleveland, OH 44106-7179)Tj 0 -1.77778 TD 0.021 Tc 0 Tw [(2)11(1)21(6.368.0540)]TJ 0 -1.18518 TD 0.001 Tc (http://schubert.case.edu)Tj 0 -1.18519 TD -0.001 Tc (schubertcenter)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 81.1947 63.9374 Tm 0.245 0.154 0.161 0.434 k (@)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F4 1 Tf 6.75 0 0 6.75 87.4217 63.9374 Tm 0.245 0.154 0.161 0.434 k 0.002 Tc (case.edu)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 680.7813 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 678.0625 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.033 Tc 0.023 Tw (US Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 666.4613 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 663.7425 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Policy Matters Ohio (2012). Where are the jobs?)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD (Continued declines in the labor force, minimal)Tj -0.0111 Tc (j)' 0.23687 -0.00001 TD -0.011 Tc (ob growth undercut unemployment rate good)Tj -0.23686 -1.37931 TD -0.012 Tc (news. http://www.policymattersohio.org/job-)Tj T* -0.011 Tc 0 Tw (watch-jan2012)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 612.1412 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 609.4225 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 Tc 0.023 Tw (Rege, M., Telle, K., & Votruba, M. (2007a). Parental)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD -0.012 Tc (job loss and children\325s school performance.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 1.54104 7.25 389.5054 589.4224 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Review of Economic Studies.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 478.8847 589.4224 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (78(4): 1462-1489.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 577.8213 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 575.1025 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Kalil A. (2009). Joblessness, family relations and)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD -0.0169 Tc (c)Tj 0.42009 -0.00001 TD -0.017 Tc (hildren\325s development. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 1.54104 7.25 462.919 565.1025 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0167 Tc (F)Tj 0.53628 -0.00001 TD -0.017 Tc 0.023 Tw (amily Matters)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 510.8901 565.1025 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0178 Tc (8)Tj 0.51216 -0.00001 TD -0.018 Tc (3:15\32022.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 553.5013 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 550.7825 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Kalil, A., & Ziol-Guest, K. (2008). Parental job loss)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD (and children\325s academic progress in two-parent)Tj T* -0.014 Tc 0 Tw (families. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 1.54104 7.25 417.0831 530.7825 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Social Science Research.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 492.9163 530.7825 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (37: 500\320515.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 519.1813 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (6)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 516.4625 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Coelli, M. (2009). Parental job loss, income shocks)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD -0.011 Tc (and the education enrolment of youth.)Tj T* (Department of Economics Working Paper 1060.)Tj T* -0.012 Tc (The University of Melbourne.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 474.8613 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 472.1425 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Kalil, A., & Wightman, P. (2011). Parental job loss)Tj 0 -1.37931 TD (and children\325s educational attainment in black)Tj T* -0.013 Tc (and white middle class families. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 1.54104 7.25 489.0576 452.1425 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 Tc 0.023 Tw (Social Science)Tj -13.43815 -1.37931 TD -0.011 Tc 0 Tw (Quarterly. )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 421.5482 442.1425 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (92(1): 57\32078.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 430.5412 Tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 427.8225 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc 0.023 Tw (Oreopoulos, P. et al. (2008). 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(1982). )Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 1.54104 7.25 441.7244 359.1825 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.037 Tc 0.023 Tw (Employment and unemployment:)Tj -6.90944 -1.37931 TD -0.0133 Tc (A)Tj 0.83594 0 Td -0.013 Tc (social-psychological analysis.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 486.7045 349.1825 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 Tc (Cambridge:)Tj -13.40677 -1.37931 TD -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Cambridge University Press.)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 3.625 0 0 3.625 385.0054 327.5812 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 Tc (11)Tj ET Q /GS2 gs /GS1 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 7.25 0 0 7.25 389.5054 324.8625 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 Tc 0.023 Tw (Blustein, D. et al. (2011). 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