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The report's authors examined the probability of each\ application's )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (being accepted, the amount of money sought,)Tj 20.293 0 Td ( )Tj (the amount awarded, and the probability )Tj -20.293 -1.14 Td (of the applicant's applying again. )Tj 14.757 0 Td ( )Tj -14.757 -1.16 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (The study focused on the NIH, which accounts for 99 percent of the resea\ rch spending )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (in the Department of Health and Human Services, as well as on the Nation\ al Science )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Foundation)Tj 5.004 0 Td ( )Tj (and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. )Tj 18.065 0 Td ( )Tj -23.069 -1.16 Td ( )Tj T* (The report follows up on one released last year by the Government Accoun\ tability Office )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (that called on federal agencies to do more to ensure that colleges and o\ ther recipients )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (of federal grants do not discriminate)Tj ( )Tj (against women in mathematics, engineering, and )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (science \()Tj /TT3 1 Tf (The Chronicle,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 10.504 0 Td ( )Tj (July 29, 2004\). The GAO report was prepared at the request of )Tj ET 120 287.52 78 0.24 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 275.76 Tm (two Democratic senators, Barbara Boxer of California and Ron Wyden of Or\ egon. It )Tj T* (cited Title IX as the basis of its recomm)Tj (endations and singled out the Energy )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Department, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the s\ cience )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (foundation as needing to make changes. )Tj 18.291 0 Td ( )Tj -18.291 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 bans gender discrimination \ at institutions )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (that receiv)Tj (e federal funds and is best known for fostering the rise of women's spor\ ts )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (programs. 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"It's time to make certain that these appropriated taxpayer d\ ollars are being )Tj T* [(distributed in accordance with federal law, in a way that gives a basic \ fair shake to every)-1( )]TJ 0 -1.14 TD (applicant." )Tj ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Mr. Wyden has now proposed amending an appropriations bil)Tj 27.24 0 Td (l that is currently before )Tj -27.24 -1.16 Td (the Senate to incorporate the recommendations of the new study. )Tj 29.241 0 Td ( )Tj -29.241 -1.14 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (According to the report, there were no gender differences in federal spe\ nding at the )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (science foundation or the Agriculture Department over the three)Tj 28.184 0 Td (-)Tj (year period on)Tj ( )Tj (which )Tj -28.184 -1.16 Td (the study is based. However, female applicants for NIH grants in 2001)Tj 30.962 0 Td (-)Tj (3 received on )Tj -30.962 -1.14 Td (average only 63 percent of the money that male applicants received. )Tj 30.577 0 Td ( )Tj -30.577 -1.16 Td ( )Tj T* (The report states that one)Tj (-)Tj (third of this disparity is explained by the underrepresentation )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (of w)Tj 1.834 0 Td (omen among the top 1 percent of NIH grant recipients. When the report's \ authors )Tj -1.834 -1.14 Td (eliminated those very large awards and also controlled for age, academic\ degree, )Tj T* (institution, grant type, institute, and year, the disparity decreased. "\ Nevertheless, the )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (gende)Tj (r gap is still 17 percent, which means that women still receive only 85 \ percent of )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (what men receive when it comes to grant funding," the report says. )Tj 29.816 0 Td ( )Tj -29.816 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (The report calls on federal agencies to better track gender differences \ in the grants they )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (award by main)Tj (taining a data system that stores information on all grant applications \ and )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (investigators. Personal characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity\ , institution, and )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (discipline, should also be included, it says, as well as the amount of m\ oney requested )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (an)Tj (d the amount awarded. )Tj 11.62 0 Td ( )Tj -11.62 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (------------------------------------------------------------------------\ )Tj 23.977 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -23.977 -1.22 Td [(C)7(o)3(p)-1(yrig)1(ht)]TJ 4.269 0 Td ( )Tj [(\251 2005 b)-1(y)-1( )]TJ 5.13 0 Td [(T)1(he)3( C)7(hro)3(nicle)3( o)3(f H)4(ig)1(he)3(r E)2(d)1(u)6(cat)1(io)3(n)]TJ ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj ( )Tj ET 72 292.32 51.12 0.24 re f 184.8 292.32 182.88 0.24 re f endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 4 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 72 702.96 Tm (Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant )Tj 0 -1.147 TD (Programs)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 13.92 0 0 13.92 72 665.28 Tm ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.172 TD [(S)-1(usan D)-2(.)1( H)-2(osek,)1( A)-1(m)-3(y)-1( G)-2(.)1( C)-2(ox)-1(,)1( B)-1(onni)1(e G)-2(hosh)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 20.181 0 Td (-)Tj 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 0.335 0 Td [(D)-1(ast)2(i)2(dar)1(,)2( )1(Aar)1(on )1(Kof)2(ner)1(,)2( )]TJ -20.516 -1.155 Td [(N)-1(i)2(shal)2( )1(R)-1(am)-2(phal)2(,)2( )1(Jon )1(Scot)2(t)2(,)2( )1(Sandr)1(a )1(H)-1(.)2( )1(Ber)1(r)1(y)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 19.621 0 Td ( )Tj -19.621 -1.155 Td ( )Tj 0.003 Tc -0.001 Tw 0 -1.155 TD [(S)-1(ponsor)1(ed by)-1( t)1(he N)-2(at)1(i)1(onal)1( S)-1(ci)1(ence F)-1(oundat)1(i)1(on)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 21.023 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 586.8 Tm ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD [(EXECUTIVE SUMMA)-1(RY)]TJ ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (Introduction)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (In an amendment to the National Science Foundation \(NSF\) Authorization\ Act of 2002, )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Senator Ron Wyden \(D)Tj (-)Tj (Or)Tj (e.\) requested that the NSF conduct a study to \223assess )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (gender differences in the distribution of external Federal research and \ development )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (funding.\224 The goal of the Wyden amendment was to determine whether fe\ derally funded )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (educational programs other than sp)Tj 15.732 0 Td (orts comply wit Title IX.)Tj ( )Tj -15.732 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (This research addresses this congressional directive. More specifically,\ the study )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (analyzes administrative data from fiscal years \(FYs\) 2001 through 2003\ describing the )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (outcomes of grant applications submitted by women versus men)Tj 28.461 0 Td ( )Tj (to federal agencies. )Tj -28.461 -1.14 Td (The outcomes are the probability of getting funded, the funding requeste\ d, the size of )Tj T* (the award, and the probability of applying again. The study focuses on t\ hree federal )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (agencies: the Department of Health and Human Services \(DHHS\))Tj 29.07 0 Td (\227)Tj (a)Tj (nd, in particular, )Tj -29.07 -1.16 Td (the National Institutes of Health \(NIH\), which accounts for 99 percent\ of the research )Tj T* (funding in DHHS; the NSF; and the U.S. Department of Agriculture \(USDA\)\ . In addition, )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (the study provides results of an analysis of the 1999 National S)Tj 27.907 0 Td (urvey of Postsecondary )Tj -27.907 -1.14 Td (Faculty \(NSOPF\) and the 2001 Survey of Doctorate Recipients \(SDR\), w\ hich include )Tj T* (more)Tj (-)Tj (limited information on grant funding provided by all federal agencies.)Tj 32.854 0 Td ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -32.854 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (Key Findings)Tj 6.279 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.279 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (With two important exceptions, we did not find gender differe)Tj 26.793 0 Td (nces in federal grant )Tj -26.793 -1.14 Td (funding outcomes in this study. At NSF and USDA, over a recent three)Tj 31.184 0 Td (-)Tj (year period )Tj -31.184 -1.16 Td (\(2001)Tj (\226)Tj (2003\), there were no differences in the amount of funding requested or \ awarded. )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (We found the same result when we looked at surveys of scientists, s)Tj 30.238 0 Td (ocial scientists, and )Tj -30.238 -1.16 Td (engineers. In one of the surveys \(the 1999 NSOPF\), there were differen\ ces in )Tj T* (tabulations of the raw survey results, but those differences disappeared\ when we )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (adjusted for other characteristics, including the researcher\222s discip\ line, i)Tj 31.57 0 Td (nstitution, )Tj -31.57 -1.14 Td (experience, and past research output.)Tj 16.789 0 Td ( )Tj -16.789 -1.16 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (The major exception was at NIH, where female applicants in 2001)Tj 29.127 0 Td (\226)Tj (2003 received on )Tj -29.127 -1.16 Td (average only 63 percent of the funding that male applicants received. On\ ethird of this )Tj T* (gender gap is explained by the underr)Tj 16.791 0 Td (epresentation of women among top 1 percent )Tj ET endstream endobj 5 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 6 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 708.72 Tm (award winners. If we eliminate the very large awards and also control fo\ r other )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (characteristics)Tj (\227)Tj (age, academic degree, institution, grant type, institute, and year)Tj 35.52 0 Td (\227)Tj (the )Tj -35.52 -1.16 Td (difference narrows again. Nevertheless, the ge)Tj 20.679 0 Td (nder gap is still 17 percent, which means )Tj -20.679 -1.14 Td (that women still receive only 83 percent of what men receive when it com\ es to grant )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (funding.)Tj 3.559 0 Td ( )Tj -3.559 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (However, several important data limitations inspire caution in reaching \ conclusions )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (based on these NIH results. First, N)Tj (IH does not retain information about co)Tj (-)Tj 0 -1.16 TD (investigators in its applicant data system. Thus, these results are for \ principal )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (investigators only. This is likely to be especially important in measuri\ ng gender )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (differences in NIH grants because a number of awards)Tj 24.18 0 Td ( )Tj (there fund larger research teams )Tj -24.18 -1.14 Td (on which, in some cases, others will do the bulk of the research. Second\ , some )Tj T* (important covariates are unavailable in the NIH data. Unlike both NSF an\ d USDA, the )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (program type at NIH does not convey information about acade)Tj 27.574 0 Td (mic discipline. Unlike the )Tj -27.574 -1.16 Td (case for NSF, we have no information about the research ranking of the u\ niversity the )Tj T* (applicant is from. Finally, the data set we received from NIH did not in\ clude the amount )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (of funding requested. Consequently, we cannot determin)Tj 25.073 0 Td (e whether the gender )Tj -25.073 -1.14 Td (differences in funding awarded reflect applicant decisions about how to \ request, agency )Tj T* (decisions about how much to award, or both. If these covariates affect t\ he funding NIH )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (awards as they do at NSF, it is quite possible that the gend)Tj 26.071 0 Td (er gap would be smaller if )Tj -26.071 -1.16 Td (we could control for them.)Tj 11.45 0 Td ( )Tj -11.45 -1.14 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (The second area where we found gender differences was in the fraction of\ firstyear )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (applicants who submit another proposal in the following two years. At NS\ F and NIH, )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (women who applied in 2001 were less)Tj 16.899 0 Td ( )Tj (likely to apply again. The difference was much )Tj -16.899 -1.14 Td (larger at NIH \(more than 20 percent\) than at NSF \(5 percent\), and it\ applied to both )Tj T* (successful and unsuccessful applicants in the first year. At USDA, we al\ so saw a similar )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (gender gap among those who were su)Tj 17.012 0 Td (ccessful in the initial year but not among those )Tj -17.012 -1.16 Td (who were rejected; however, the difference largely disappeared when we c\ ontrolled for )Tj T* (other characteristics. We hypothesize that subsequent application rates \ may reflect )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (underlying gender differences in appl)Tj 16.4 0 Td (ication propensity, similar to what another study )Tj -16.4 -1.14 Td (found in Britain. However, absent a more direct measure of application b\ ehavior, we )Tj T* [(cannot confirm our hypothesis. If women are in fact less likely to apply\ )-1( for funding, )]TJ 0 -1.14 TD (female and male applicants for feder)Tj 16.177 0 Td (al research grants likely differ in ways not observed )Tj -16.177 -1.16 Td (in the data sets we employed for this study, especially at NIH, where th\ e difference is )Tj T* (sizable. If application behavior were collected, methods are available t\ o correct for )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (these unobserved differences)Tj 13.12 0 Td ( )Tj (and further our understanding of gender differences in )Tj -13.12 -1.14 Td (grant funding.)Tj 6.116 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -6.116 -1.16 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Future Directions)Tj ( )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 -1.16 TD ( )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (Our understanding of gender differences in federal research funding is i\ ncomplete. )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (However, those interested in the representation of women in the federall\ y funded )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (r)Tj (esearch community may want to focus first on the representation of women\ in the )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (applicant pool and their decisions to apply for grants. Women accounted \ for 21)Tj 34.8 0 Td (\226)Tj (28 )Tj -34.8 -1.14 Td (percent of applicants to NSF, NIH, and USDA in recent years and for 25 p\ ercent of the )Tj ET endstream endobj 7 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 8 0 obj <>stream BT /CS0 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS0 gs /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 708.72 Tm (survey s)Tj (ubsamples of university and medical school researchers we analyzed. This\ is )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (similar to women\222s representation in the population of doctoral recip\ ients working in )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (science and engineering. Our study showed again that female researchers \ have )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (followed somewhat)Tj 8.505 0 Td ( )Tj (different career paths than male researchers have. In particular, )Tj -8.505 -1.16 Td (women are less likely to be employed in the major research universities,\ where most )Tj T* (research grants are awarded.)Tj 13.063 0 Td ( )Tj -13.063 -1.16 Td ( )Tj T* (The companion study to ours, which is being conducted at the National Ac\ ade)Tj 34.466 0 Td [(my )1(of)1( )]TJ -34.466 -1.16 Td (Sciences, will provide more information on career paths of scientists an\ d engineers but )Tj T* (not on grant application behavior. Future research on women in science a\ nd )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (engineering should address application.)Tj 17.624 0 Td ( )Tj -17.624 -1.14 Td ( )Tj T* (Finally, we note numerous limitations in the i)Tj 19.622 0 Td (nformation collected in federal agencies\222 )Tj -19.622 -1.14 Td (grant application and award data systems. Such limitations hinder the ab\ ility to track )Tj T* (gender differences in federal grant funding. Better tracking of gender d\ ifferences in such )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (funding would require that all agenc)Tj 15.789 0 Td (ies awarding significant grant funding do the )Tj -15.789 -1.16 Td (following:)Tj 4.169 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -2.669 -1.14 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 1.5 0 Td (Maintain a data system that stores information on all grant applications\ and )Tj 0 -1.16 TD (investigators, including co)Tj (-)Tj (investigators. Ideally, each agency would have a )Tj 0 -1.14 TD (single data system rather than separate syste)Tj (ms for each subagency or grant )Tj 0 -1.16 TD [(program and the agencies would agree on a common list of key)-1( data elements.)]TJ 34.967 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -36.467 -1.14 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 1.5 0 Td (Include in the application form key personal characteristics for each in\ vestigator, )Tj T* (including gender, race and ethnicity, institution \(in a way that )Tj 27.017 0 Td (can be easily )Tj -27.017 -1.14 Td (categorized\), type of academic appointment for investigators in postsec\ ondary )Tj T* (education, discipline, degree, and year of degree.)Tj 21.904 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -23.404 -1.14 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 1.5 0 Td (Fill in missing personal information, including gender, where possible f\ rom other )Tj T* (applications by the same invest)Tj 13.898 0 Td (igator.)Tj ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -15.398 -1.14 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 1.5 0 Td [(Record the amount requested and awarded for each proposal and any)-1( score )]TJ T* (assigned to it by the peer reviewers.)Tj 16.009 0 Td ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -17.509 -1.14 Td (o)Tj /TT0 1 Tf ( )Tj 1.5 0 Td (Clearly identify initial proposals and awards, supplements that involve \ new )Tj T* (funding, and amendments that involve no new funding.)Tj 24.241 0 Td ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 9.84 0 0 9.84 72 282.96 Tm ( )Tj /TT3 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 268.8 Tm ( )Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj <>stream H\U Pι_ QAu,(*X 肂`Y_5&jM'V[ߋD+&b|̘8Ic:4&9>Ι5 X)J߿7vʼ9N<~n-֔WO=FêjZՂrpxEYƱӏBxI>*|s?3BfN)! +_d|3J|ewx3zz9v ~'w:HVC^`fozY3`n~ d:-QKa=Z:]Dk_eEHF CJ.l}x0F4jal'˩T4 8M%f7%=I"s" s*)59ctL7RKiܤKQW l5oQɩBx1łe-P1GuHlq5mp>>9|[DԚz2jKvnJLb4Lv;e5AS?3Eva>WX=+Fù >!P*(6BnP`ʤih' E=JLwqDWSE( i"-Wi-A;h/fSǺn2f%z N̤b CENd"Ǧ֜4FMG< xG=() 6 'EKsŊ}t^U|/DuFvAm7'P~l˨P=' pP5FE z$Ky/֩AoG>{}ȤQR[ : E`B-9$ӄ/):S2 qTD^TM5KTwa:JMtdn'qJ)7a&ƪ"U:G'Qګ,hvQ#_4%pc?W&s|dnI&Ř&6.W`-ޑ-6,9Zb(w -[%b*UA%h:E:g"]P~"W%( oVğ7uuKn걺Vb)kj[:/=Myi>3T!9C=qU>g0*mmoqTH' b'}'6OmtrhSp% R>PĎ4*>թ<ʔ, NnIrӅ>[nEX*kdlN\rk|q%De8\үZE7gE@R94^"]*uoMC)op E#=};U|FzڐR>ҿ_I$ճGBn.g:vi߮mZhLX nXh@\|oaqU CUh! _{>=2HF+XhO.cGL tpOϰZggؚҤAz?JK=RK~#T&Kt_κ+ lƄ&s-ڻ(p aN0Xsj4LQ 8E+ȨaoK$-Jg|B_o [ *ϓTC|C74ͨ)"aO1}nY~Z s |k;o|':9 Øem9Y"z7mD Fdy"L^BCٱu8=gZ l< |Ʉ-V6޼35-$Sʘ")7+s#gX*񵉤~'-+J᡾Lr<F#J4Z-%l!Eɜ-HI&ɀH.#y#d$dDZrςN/ Ė]piK;qrڊ#Id&iB0cBTj%%J׏NNa 9*.i ־խYkuKM\RD]aw//ȵHuI#҈eT9)aRg=55.(||.5vܲ<&%{h%sd/f''<Fe!7'W:T/pr %$skܐGq9n^㶞%''ω 9Am'N$PA$ D~sGV46_DFݷ: 9Q  ր>Dv: $+C: >Vvť qCL&qri2Uvit 0!-xz Ɓ +]EFe $v=jPXxt&4zxRJNBJ uEzAOՏؠ9FA5MOE^ԣ[S4QSk45qz[7:=R8+xZ O˝7uYώ=#D^'ߑd]~KSJT)yJ(6ŢH Q=]o Ʌ"tYʾP$H1 XTҨvDO}4hF~D[=Z4-gzf-jػ((ː.)鏥i.28M2mb :5'Cš}"&iA PYzeC J8dn- +Vim>\=P%Kryyvfcɬӌ?OɩAљϣ#-Gm#sԎI''Gesj/ޜrȁFpcCnu Y`La&Ә3Ƭ3 [t^,ejw3w_8BkV 3{bm/==u֌$W7>OGk\=a\ɡ 1CE\Q7_HwFKEK|Pr+&z,7KךXϦsٺ[v^|F`o@e$Jr.Yκ-\~oRC)E h@J`nnL{5G7ɼQ)P~R"S)b@`ZP0@'9_'@ endstream endobj 10 0 obj <>stream H|V tTL%4$ox$@21M$X3dBREN" T*.-*Uń,Z(H9A j y$p־rwo2G#4ׅj6 t<U u˨=VUcj+2TF^zmpC?a(?j/\S_(=w]hQCcnivrH^C_H<Uv'd'/*ƴ<#8-h1a!;(>jx$b Jq{r1Oyj/dLD&>ƚ1҉>-)\"2ZԶØdda}Bz7g0Vc3O?08M` [M5j+u]w}k͈{ħmiIh{tY,MNA5BKӪGn툾Ml)z۲?@d#10 TXf*mhc=3ҏ9.C0)ղLd-\S&uT{@[9nge2oΚ A~JH(G%>݅9De`7՝H;l5G4&5@0OjH7،vJ(" $  XCl4tteЗA_]BWWC^-6VYhTLo>ȹ1'ͩjOu*)c^i\!yb9" " =ShX\W(v|q$d!!W! 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